The Great Depression brought economic hardship to millions of Americans, including World War I veterans who had been promised financial relief for their service. In 1932, these veterans took matters into their own hands, staging a large-scale protest in Washington, D.C., that became a pivotal moment in the fight for veterans’ rights.

Background: The Promise of Bonuses

Following World War I, the U.S. government passed the Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924, promising veterans a bonus for their service. However, these payments were deferred until 1945, leaving many struggling veterans without immediate financial support during the economic turmoil of the Great Depression. As conditions worsened, pressure mounted for the government to provide these bonuses early to alleviate the financial distress.

The March on Washington

In the spring and summer of 1932, thousands of veterans, calling themselves the “Bonus Expeditionary Force,” or “Bonus Army,” marched to Washington, D.C., demanding early payment of their promised bonuses. By July, over 20,000 veterans and their families had gathered in makeshift camps along the Anacostia River and near the U.S. Capitol. Their protest was peaceful, yet determined, with veterans seeking recognition for their sacrifices and economic relief during a period of national hardship.

Government Response and the Violent Clash

Congress debated the veterans’ demands but ultimately rejected a bill that would have expedited the bonus payments. Despite this setback, many of the Bonus Army members remained in Washington. In response, President Herbert Hoover ordered their removal. On July 28, 1932, General Douglas MacArthur, accompanied by Major Dwight D. Eisenhower and Major George S. Patton, led U.S. troops to forcibly evict the veterans. The clash turned violent, with soldiers using tear gas, bayonets, and tanks to dismantle the camps. The confrontation resulted in injuries and further inflamed public outrage against the Hoover administration.

Public Reaction and Political Impact

The violent suppression of the Bonus Army shocked the nation. Images of veterans being driven out of Washington with military force tarnished Hoover’s reputation and contributed to his defeat in the 1932 presidential election. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who succeeded Hoover, initially opposed the immediate bonus payout but adopted a more compassionate approach, sending Eleanor Roosevelt to speak with the veterans and implementing programs that addressed their broader needs.

Lasting Legacy and Policy Changes

Although the Bonus Army did not achieve its immediate goal, their protest significantly influenced future veterans’ rights. In 1936, Congress overrode Roosevelt’s veto to pass a bill granting early bonus payments. The movement also led to broader reforms in veterans’ care, culminating in the creation of the G.I. Bill in 1944, which provided education, housing, and financial support to veterans returning from World War II.

A Defining Moment for Veterans’ Advocacy

The Bonus Army’s march on Washington marked a turning point in the fight for veterans’ rights. While their immediate demands were not met, their determination and sacrifice highlighted the need for better support systems for those who serve. The event’s impact extended beyond the 1930s, shaping national policies that continue to benefit American veterans today.

References

• Dickson, Paul, and Thomas B. Allen – The Bonus Army: An American Epic
• Lisio, Donald J – The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot
• Keene, Jennifer D – World War I: The American Soldier Experience